Factors Predicting the Explicit and Implicit Attitude Towards Body Scanners
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18533/rss.v1i5.33Keywords:
Body scanner, implicit attitude, explicit attitude, ST-IAT, security technologyAbstract
The study aimed at finding variables predicting the implicit and explicit attitude towards body scanners and to assess possible correlations with regard to dual-process. Age, gender, the personality variables technological affinity and systemizing, knowledge about body scanners and media consumption served as predictors. The explicit attitude was operationalized through a questionnaire measuring expectations about a body scan. A Single Target Implicit Association Test assessed the implicit attitude. Gender and knowledge were significant predictors for the explicit attitude: Women worried more about the effects of a body scan and requested more information. People with more knowledge about body scanners worried more about possible discrimination through body scanners. Predicting the implicit attitude there was a trend that people who have more enthusiasm about technology had a worse implicit attitude towards body scanners. Implicit and explicit attitude did not correlate. The findings suggest that it makes sense to integrate different kinds of users in the design and development process of security technologies to account for different opinions, needs and worries.References
Abell, S. C., & Richards, M. H. (1996). The Relationship between Body Shape Satisfaction and Self-Esteem: An Investigation of Gender and Class Differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(5), 691-703.
Albrecht, H. (2008, 30.10.2008). Angst vor der Blöße - Die Ablehnung von Ganzkörperscannern hat auch mit Scham zu tun. DIE ZEIT online. Retrieved from http://www.zeit.de/2008/45/Scham/seite-1
Baron-Cohen, S., Richler, J., Bisarya, D., Gurunathan, N., & Wheelwright, S. (2003). The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high–functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 358(1430), 361-374.
Beier, G. (1999). Kontrollüberzeugungen im Umgang mit Technik. Report Psychologie, 684-693.
Beier, G., Spiekermann, S., & Rothensee, M. (2006). Die Akzeptanz zukünftiger Ubiquitous Computing Anwendungen. In A. M. Heinecke & H. Paul (Eds.), Mensch & Computer 2006: Mensch und Computer im StrukturWandel (pp. 145-154). München: Oldenbourg Verlag.
Bello-Salau, H., Salami, A. F., & Hussaini, M. (2012). Ethical Analysis of the Full-Body Scanner (FBS) for Airport Security. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(5), 664-672.
Bluemke, M., & Friese, M. (2008). Reliability and Validity of the Single-Target IAT (ST-IAT): Assessing Automatic Affect towards Multiple Attitude Objects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 977-997.
Bundesministerium des Innern. (2010). "Der Sicherheitsgewinn ist eindeutig" - Interview mit Herrn Prof. Dr. Klaus Thoma, Fraunhofer Institut für Kurzzeitdynamik. http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Interviews/DE/2010/09/thoma_koerperscanner.html.
Connors, J., & Casey, P. (2006). Sex, Body-Esteem and Self-Esteem. Psychological Reports, 98(3), 699-704.
Costa-Font, J., Rudisill, C., & Mossialos, E. (2008). Attitudes as an Expression of Knowledge and “Political Anchoring”: The Case of Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom. Risk Analysis, 28(5), 1273-1288.
Dauerer, A. (2010). Lückenlose Durchleuchtung. Focus Online. Retrieved from http://www.focus.de/reisen/flug/tid-16743/koerperscanner-lueckenlose-durchleuchtung_aid_468120.html
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
Dietrich, S., Heider, D., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2006). Influence of Newspaper Reporting on Adolescents' Attitudes toward People with Mental Illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(4), 318-322.
Ditton, J., Chadee, D., Farrall, S., Gilchrist, E., & Bannister, J. (2004). From Imitation To Intimidation. British Journal of Criminology, 44(4), 595-610.
Gaul, S., Ziefle, M., Wilkowska, W., Arning, K., Kasugai, K., Röcker, C., & Jakobs, E.-M. (2010). Technikakzeptanz als integraler Bestandteil der Entwicklung medizintechnischer Produkte. Paper presented at the Deutscher AAL-Kongress Berlin.
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and Propositional Processes in Evaluation: An Integrative Review of Implicit and Explicit Attitude Change. Psychological bulletin, 132(5), 692.
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4-27.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464-1480.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197.
Johnson, A. M. (2005). The Technology Acceptance Model and the Decision to Invest in Information Security. Paper presented at the Southern Association of Information Systems Conference.
Kämpfe, N., Penzhorn, J., Schikora, J., Dünzl, J., & Schneidenbach, J. (2009). Empathy and Social Desirability: A Comparison of Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Participants using Direct and Indirect Measures. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(1), 1-17.
Karrer, K., Glaser, C., Clemens, C., & Bruder, C. (2009). Technikaffinität erfassen–der Fragebogen TA-EG. Der Mensch als Mittelpunkt technischer Systeme, 8, 196-201.
Laib, M., & Wolkenstein, L. (submitted). Do Body Scanners Discriminate Overweight Flight Passengers? The Effect of Body Scanners on Body Image.
Lerner, J. S., Gonzalez, R. M., Small, D. A., & Fischhoff, B. (2003). Effects of Fear and Anger on Perceived Risks of Terrorism: A National Field Experiment. Psychological Science, 14(2), 144-150.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. London: Harper & Row.
Millisecond Software. (2012). Inquisit (Version 3.0.6.0.). Seattle, WA: Millisecond Software.
Mitchener-Nissen, T., Bowers, K., & Chetty, K. (2012). Public Attitudes to Airport Security: The Case of Whole Body Scanners. Security Journal, 25(3), 229-243.
Morosan, C. (2012). Voluntary Steps toward Air Travel Security: An Examination of Travelers’ Attitudes and Intentions to Use Biometric Systems. Journal of Travel Research, 51(4), 436-450.
Nagenborg, M. (2011). Körperscanner. In M. Maring (Ed.), Fallstudien zur Ethik in Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Technik und Gesellschaft (4 ed.). Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing.
O'Donnell, A. T., Jetten, J., & Ryan, M. K. (2010). Who is Watching over You? The Role of Shared Identity in Perceptions of Surveillance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(1), 135-147.
Pikkarainen, T., Pikkarainen, K., Karjaluoto, H., & Pahnila, S. (2004). Consumer Acceptance of Online Banking: An Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model. Internet research, 14(3), 224-235.
Pingitore, R., Spring, B., & Garfieldt, D. (1997). Gender Differences in Body Satisfaction. Obesity Research, 5(5), 402-409.
Pohlmeyer, A. E. (2011). Identifying Attribute Importance in Early Product Development - Exemplified by Interactive Technologies and Age - Technische Universität Berlin.
Rubner, J. (2010). Blick durch die Kleider Sueddeutsche.de. Retrieved from http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/diskussion-um-nacktscanner-blick-durch-die-kleider-1.64539
Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2006). Understanding Implicit and Explicit Attitude Change: A Systems of Reasoning Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6), 995-1008.
Rydell, R. J., McConnell, A. R., Mackie, D. M., & Strain, L. M. (2006). Of Two Minds: Forming and Changing Valence-Inconsistent Implicit and Explicit Attitudes. Psychological Science, 17(11), 954-958.
Samson, A. C., & Huber, O. W. (2010). Short German Versions of Empathizing and Systemizing Self-Assessment Scales. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 69(4), 239-244.
Schuler, M., & Wolkenstein, L. (2014). Psychologie und Sicherheitstechnologie – Psychologische Auswirkungen von Sicherheitstechnologien auf den Menschen und die Einstellung von Menschen dieser Technik gegenüber. In H.-H. Gander & G. Riescher (Eds.), Sicherheit und offene Gesellschaft - Herausforderungen, Methoden und Praxis einer gesellschaftspolitischen Sicherheitsforschung: Nomos.
Spriggs, A., Argomaniz, J., Gill, M., & Bryan, J. (2005). Public Attitudes Towards CCTV: Results from the Pre-Intervention Public Attitude Survey Carried out in Areas Implementing CCTV Home Office Online Report 10/05.
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220-247.
Traut, A., Nagenborg, M., Rampp, B., & Ammicht Quinn, R. (2010). Körperscanner - Sicherheiten und Unsicherheiten. forum kriminalprävention, 1, 14-20.
Wigboldus, D. H. J., Holland, R. W., & van Knippenberg, A. (2004). Single target implicit associations. Unpublished manuscript.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107(1), 101-126.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
